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DETROIT \u2014 On her first day of high school, Andreya Thomas looked over her schedule and found that she was enrolled in a class with an unfamiliar name: J.R.O.T.C.<\/p>\n
She and other freshmen at Pershing High School in Detroit soon learned that they had been placed into the Junior Reserve Officers\u2019 Training Corps, a program funded by the U.S. military designed to teach leadership skills, discipline and civic values \u2014 and open students\u2019 eyes to the idea of a military career. In the class, students had to wear military uniforms and obey orders from an instructor who was often yelling, Ms. Thomas said, but when several of them pleaded to be allowed to drop the class, school administrators refused.<\/p>\n
\u201cThey told us it was mandatory,\u201d Ms. Thomas said.<\/p>\n
J.R.O.T.C. programs, taught by military veterans at some 3,500 high schools across the country, are supposed to be elective, and the Pentagon has said that requiring students to take them goes against its guidelines. But The New York Times found that thousands of public school students were being funneled into the classes without ever having chosen them, either as an explicit requirement or by being automatically enrolled.<\/p>\n
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A review of J.R.O.T.C. enrollment data collected from more than 200 public records requests showed that dozens of schools have made the program mandatory or steered more than 75 percent of students in a single grade into the classes, including schools in Detroit, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Oklahoma City and Mobile, Ala. A vast majority of the schools with those high enrollment numbers were attended by a large proportion of nonwhite students and those from low-income households, The Times found.<\/p>\n
Image
\nAndreya Thomas, in a yellow hoodie and glasses, looking to the right side of the photo. She is standing in a plain, white-walled room. Her shadow is cast on one wall.
\nAndreya Thomas, 18, a college student, said that, as a high school freshman, she was required to join the J.R.O.T.C. program at Pershing High School in Detroit. Credit…Emily Elconin for The New York Times<\/p>\n
The role of J.R.O.T.C. in U.S. high schools has been a point of debate since the program was founded more than a century ago. During the antiwar battles of the 1970s, protests over what was seen as an attempt to recruit high schoolers to serve in Vietnam prompted some school districts to restrict the program. Most schools gradually phased out any enrollment requirements.<\/p>\n
But 50 years later, new conflicts are emerging as parents in some cities say their children are being forced to put on military uniforms, obey a chain of command and recite patriotic declarations in classes they never wanted to take.<\/p>\n
In Chicago, concerns raised by activists, news coverage and an inspector general\u2019s report led the school district to backtrack this year on automatic J.R.O.T.C. enrollments at several high schools that serve primarily lower-income neighborhoods on the city\u2019s South and West sides. In other places, The Times found, the practice continues, with students and parents sometimes rebuffed when they fight compulsory enrollment.<\/p>\n